High Cholesterol Essay Example for Free

High Cholesterol EssayEverybody worries about their health right? forthwith multitude re onlyy dont c atomic number 18 too more and only do the bare minimum to get through their bearing. Most people just eat what they want, and make a bunch of decisions that will only destroy your body slowly. There are many illnesss out there and you rotter never be too safe, because your health is what keeps you going with your life. Many maladys out there people dont even know about. Well this disease I am about to discuss domiciliate affect your health like you wouldnt believe. This disease so-and-so be very dangerous for the kind- touchwooded body if not properly taken care of. This disease is called High Cholesterol.First off, what is Cholesterol? Well Cholesterol is a junctiony, waxy, fatty subject found naturally throughout your body.1 Cholesterol is a very important substance to maintain. Doing so will prevent a lot of diseases that can cause even more damage to your body. T hats why watching what you eat can play a huge factor in your life when it comes to health. Now I will explain to you why it is important to manage your cholesterol. Why is Important to manage your cholesterol? If the cholesterol reaches an excessive amount, it can stick to the hearts artery walls. So much so that it can block and narrow them, this is known as plaque buildup.Over a period of while if the plaque builds up at a high rate, it can lead to a much more dangerous thing called atherosclerosis which is determined to be a hardening of the arteries. People dont realize how serious it is to watch your cholesterol. Having High Cholesterol, it can cause a serious risk for heart disease. High cholesterol is in your body, and the more it increase 9which comes with age) the more it can cause a serious disease. The thing about High Cholesterol is when you crap it you will not even know it. If you continue to consume a lot of fatty foods, or being overweight from eating too much fo od altogether, or even if you have a family history of such disease, you must make original you watch your cholesterol level at all times.Did you know that if you have a bit too much cholesterol in your assembly line, it can cause cardiovascular disease? Well Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 cause of death in the United States. 2,200 Americans die of cardiovascular disease each day, an average of one death every 39 seconds.2 After reading that statement, doesnt it make you wonder how you can treat it? Because I am trustworthy that scares you just like it scares me.There are many things that can cause your cholesterol level to skyrocket, so the best thing to do is learn how to prevent this from even happening. It is important to have a daily diet, watching what you eat can prevent your cholesterol level to rise. Eating healthy food such as vegetable, meats, etcalways make sure you stay away from fatty foods. When having a good diet, it helps you maintain your weight, which bein g overweight can also cause high cholesterol.Being physically moderate is also another good way to maintain high cholesterol. Not only do you want to watch what you eat, you also need to make sure you exercise. Exercising is by far the healthiest to do for your body. There are many different exercises that are good for your health. Some of these exercises are running, stretching, walking, jump rope, anything to keep your blood flowing in your body so that your cholesterol level stays normal. Another major product which can affect your cholesterol is tobacco.Tobacco which not only causes high cholesterol problems, it causes death by other diseases. Staying away from tobacco is very important. Even inhaling second hand smoke is bad for you. Quitting cigarettes should be a must, especially if youre trying to maintain good health, and lower your cholesterol level. Every 7 seconds, someone is dying from the use of tobacco products.Treating high cholesterol is basically maintaining good health. Always make sure you see your doctor at least once a month, if not twice a year. Have him check for any problems when it comes to high cholesterol. Its really something knowing that everything we do in life can affect us as a person, especially our bodies which keeps us alive and living our lives. So always make sure you maintain good health, and watch your cholesterol level so we can stay alive and live life because life is to short.Works Cited1. What Is High Cholesterol? EverydayHealth.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2012. http//www.everydayhealth.com/heart-disease/cholesterol/understanding/ind

Devil Slavery and Dr. Faust Essay Example for Free

Devil Slavery and Dr. Faust EssayDevil Slavery and Dr. Faust In the essay from Dr. Fausts Community, Culture, and Conflict on an nonmodern Plantation, she explores the balance of power between slave bearers and their bondsmen, primarily, on the Hammond Plantation, liquid Bluff. She will focus on four areas of research, religion, fetch patterns, and payments/privileges, escape attempts/rebellion and away influences. She maintains that there was an intricate communal order among the slaves of the Silver Bluff Plantation. Using primary and subsidiary sources I will either verify or repel Dr. Fausts thesis. Dr.Faust has utilise the journal writings of James Hammond as her main primary source for her essay. I will use Dr. Fausts essay for my secondary and writings from former slaves (primary) for my sources. As overshadow of the plantation, Silver Bluff, James Hammond strived to gain complete control over every aspect of his slaves lives. It was a struggle that spanned dec ades, and matchless he never fully realized. Through his journal entries we see the daily struggle for control, and the means he used to uphold his authority. They alike show how the slaves resisted Hammonds attempts while holding on to their own society.Dr. Faust shows through Hammonds own words how he tried to control the slaves religion by replacing Black worship with White belief. (pg. 220) He first tried by taking away all Black churches and forcing the slave to consider White churches. He past changed track by hiring traveling preachers for the slaves Sunday worship. In 1845 he built his own church on the plantation. He was admired for the conformity his slaves showed for the white social norms. However, his slaves had learned to show Hammond the behavior he wanted all the while still holding true to their own religious beliefs.Even afterward twenty years Hammond was still trying to eradicate the Blacks religion. Have ordered all church meetings to be broken up except at the church with a white preacher. (pg. 220) To mother Silver Bluff run more efficiently, Hammond wanted more control over the form habits of his slaves. For the first year he stepped up the discipline in regards to inferior or slack work. His slaves not being used to the strong-armed policies resisted. Hammond responded with more beatings. Over period the slaves conformed somewhat as the physical punishment slowed. pg 221) A more efficient form of working was the gang method, so Hammond thought. This gang method took away what niggling independence the slaves had. No longer could they manage their own time. Hammond knew that by stripping the slaves of their right to order their own day he would have more control. erst again the slaves resisted, by doing inferior work. (pg. 221) Over time a quiet compromise arose, and to some extent work seemed to go arse the way it used to be for the slaves. Hammond as well instituted a system of rewards to go along with the punishments.He f elt that by offering something the slave wanted/needed he would have that slaves compliance that the slaves would work harder to obtain the reward. Here to, the slaves learned how to use this system for themselves. As punishment for a poor work gruntle Hammond shortened the Christmas break but as his journal shows for December 26 persuaded out of my decision by the Negros (pg. 221) Like all plantations of the era, Silver Bluff had its contribution of escape attempts although no successful escapes were recorded. Through Hammonds writing Dr. Faust has devised a profile for the runaway.Most were young males without strong family ties. The weather played an important part in determining the length of time away. Female slaves only ran with their husbands or to their husbands. Once the slaves escaped they did not travel far, mostly stayed in nearby swamps. The plantation slaves would then help the runaways by giving them supplies. At first Hammond sent men with horses and dogs out to se arch for the missing slaves, but after awhile he chose to vindicatory let others catch them , wait for them to end up in jail or wait for them to return on their own volition. Here too Hammond effect some ground rules.If the slaves returned on their own they only received three lashes for each day gone, where as on the other hand if they were forcibly brought back the punishment was ten lashes for each day off of the plantation. Hammond also realized that the runaways and those slaves left behind still held close bonds. Based on this he also punished those still on the plantation. With holding food rations and beatings hoping that the runaway would hear of it and return on his own. (pg 223) What Hammond was really trying to do was to create a micro-world on his plantation where he was in charge and all else where his minions.His greatest fear was interference from the outside. To combat that he cut his slaves off from the outside, forbidding them to go to town, or from inter-actin g with neighbors or the steamboat people. (pg. 223) As the war approached, he worried about which side his slaves were on. He felt that they were becoming riled and uneasy. Thefts of goods appeared more common and Hammond thought his slaves behaviour was changing and not for the good. He could feel the loss of control slipping away as the cannons roar rolled over his Silver Bluff. The first primary source I chose was Sarah Fitzpatrick (1938) (Hollitz, Doc. ) Part of her interview dealt with the issue of religion. If they wanted to attend their own church they needed a pass to will them off the plantation. Many slaves though attended church with their masters. The preacher in the white church would first tend to his white flock then after that service he would preach to the slaves. Telling the slaves that they must listen and behave their masters and by doing so they would surly get to heaven. They were also taught catechism. The slaves preferred to attend their own service for the y would get joyful and loud and that was not allowed during the white mans service.This experience of Sarahs almost parallels what Hammond tried to do on Silver Bluff. I feel that this primary source supports Dr. Faust views on how religion was used as a tool to enforce the white mans way upon the Black there by peeling away a layer of their culture. The story of Brer Rabbit Outsmarts Brer Fox (Hollitz, Doc. 10) I feel is an analogy for one of the slaves survival mechanism. In this story Brer Fox stops Brer Rabbit on his way to church. Brer Fox is hungry and wants to eat Brer Rabbit.Thinking fasting Brer Rabbit tells Brer Fox that there are hogs at the mans house that would be better for his breakfast and if Brer Fox did not believe him, he would agree to be tied up till Brer Fox checked it out. Brer Fox found no hogs and the man let his dog loose on Brer Fox. The dogs hunted Brer Fox and ate him up. Brer Rabbit was set loose and thanked the dogs. I feel Brer Rabbit represents the s laves, Brer Fox is the master and the dogs can represent many things depending on the storys use. They might represent freedom, the war, or Heaven. Brer Rabbit used cunning and trickery to outsmart Brer Fox.The slaves needed to learn how to put one submit on for the master while keeping their true face concealed. They needed to learn cunning and trickery to outsmart their masters at times In my opinon the document also supports Dr. Fausts essay. It shows how the slaves learned to use the reward system that Hammond put in place to their own advantage. Also by slowing work up to get what they wanted. I chose my next primary source, (Mary Reynolds, Dallas Texas, ASN) because she was a slave from the deep south. She tells of her life from the time she was born up till the time of her interview. She eemed soaring of the fact that she knew her father and the he was a free man who chose to live as a slave for the love of her mother who was a slave. She describes her life as a slave as a harsh one. Being sold off because she was to close to the masters own child. When his daughter became ill and was told it was because his daughter was ache away for her Black friend the master relented and bought Mary back to the plantation. She tells of working the fields, not having enough food or proper clothing. She tells of the beatings she received from Solomon the overseer and how he kept a tight rein on the slaves.She explains how the runaways are tracked down and then punished All these experiences mirror plantation life at Silver Bluff and so once again supports Dr. Fausts thesis. What does not seem to support it though is Marys master allowed some of the slaves culture. There were marriage ceremonies and there were funerals and allowed outside contact. The last document I chose was an interview of a former slave whose master was a brook Indian. (Lucinda Davis Tulsa, Oklahoma,ASN). She tells her life story as if she were part of her masters extended family not like she was a slave.She was well cared for, well fed and had clothes. Her only occupation was to care for a young child. The slaves were allowed to marry and did not have to live on their masters farm. When the war was over and Lucinda parents wanted her back her master freely gave her up and sent her back. Her hardships did not seem any worse than any member of her masters family. This document does not support Dr. Fausts thesis. Maybe it is because the slave group was smaller and mostly men. There was no strife so they did not bond as the slaves on Hammonds plantation did.

Role Of Registered Nurses In Ambulatory Care Setting

Role Of Registered Nurses In Ambulatory Cargon SettingThe unproblematic purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of Lewins adjustment conjecture in introduction of modified function of Registered Nurses in ambulant administer. In particular, word will focalisation on role interpolate from coordinating role to clinical role era utilising Lewins theory of transitional channel.BACKGROUNDLewins theory of change was implemented to bring forth transitions in traditional roles of nurses at ambulatory dole out by introducing an ambulatory dish out nursing conceptual framework adopted by AAACN/ANA in 1998. 3 main roles were introduced, clinical role, professional role and organization/ agreement role. Nurses capacity buildings by professional and clinical education, empowerment and role and assignment revisions were key strategies to accomplish this change.CONCLUSIONThe change process is greatly enhanced by the masking of a logical process through the identification o f a problem, growing of an slaying plan and clear monitoring and evaluation at all(prenominal) plays. The choice of a suitable change model/theory aided the course of development of role of ambulatory c are RNs, which was visibly noned in the project with use of Lewins (1951) theory of transitional change.Developing the role of Registered Nurses in ambulatory disquiet setting A change perplexity projectAIMSThe primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of change process effectuation in lieu of Lewins theory of transitional change to implement raw(a) roles of RNs in ambulatory care setting.INTRODUCTIONThe concept of change may simply be defined as to make or plump several(predicate) (Mc Leod and Hanks, 1982, p. 72). Change is an inevitable phenomenon of the universe. For evolutionary purpose as well nothing remains constant. Change brings new animateness and energy in the existing systems which otherwise can be redundant over period of time. Baulcomb (2003) sa id that planned change represents an intentional attempt to meliorate operational and managerial effectiveness.The transition of changing from wizard pr representice to another is never easy. The literature stresses that the effective management of change embroils empowering the people involved in the change and not utilizing an autocratic or top-down approach (Crotty 1996, Baileff 2000). However, it has been a common observation that usually change projects are forced from higher management to the employees which many time results either in unsuccessful project outcome or dissatisfaction of the employees. Ulrich, et al (2002) said that two thirds of quality projects fail because of the prevailing coating and the resistance of the people to change. (p. 211). therefore, any successful change project requires honest commitment from leadership which leads the team with courage and motivating. Schifalacqua and Costello (2009) saidIt is important that management practices are align ed to lose and reinforce the change, such as clinical systems, moduleing, and rewards. The changing of systems and structures are vital to lasting change. (p. 27).Todays healthcare is in truth different from what it was a fairish a decade ago. It has interpreted a shape of an industry/business which is growing at an incredible speed. This fast whole toned growth keeps the healthcare managers on toenail to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world around them. Ferrara-Love (1997) saidHealth care is not immune from the impact of change, and is still in its infancy of downsizing, mergers, and unified buyouts The changes health care is experiencing are not unique, but are reflective of changes in society. (p. 12).This can explicitly be seen today where everyone wants to have cost containment collectible to which existenceal level changes are made at a rapid pace. Healthcare industry is not an exclusion from this change phenomenon, which many times jell the employees at stres s that may affect their work performance as well. Factors that can affect change in any case include the attitudes of people, lack of perceived support during the change process, worker reluctance or resistance to change, lack of consideration of attitudes and beliefs of staff, fear, anxiety, uncertainty and loss of control (Crotty 1996, Telles 1996, Willmot 1998, Baileff 2000, Carney 2000, Tingle 2002).Any change process requires usance of resources in terms of human, finance, and material hence the change process inevitably frequent monitoring and evaluation for its applicability and effectiveness. Schifalacqua and Costello (2009) said the transition of moving from one practice change to another is never easy, and the people side of change is a dominant aspect that needs to be incorporated into the overall implementation plan. (p. 27). This can be seen in daily routines as people get accustomed to the practices over a period of time and usually it is difficult to change the pra ctice which they ingrain in their daily lives. Hence, the successful change implementation depends upon the conference and shared values between the team members responsible for the change.Therefore, one should not expect a successful change to be implemented overnight. This requires thorough readiness, critical thinking and engagement of relevant stakeholders which requires energy, dedication, time commitment and mutual consider between two parties that is the change agent and the client.Smith-Bla and Bradle (1999) saidAlthough health care organizational change is a constant phenomenon, little is understood as to how staff experiences this change. Unsuccessful change efforts have suggested the possible important relationship between understanding staffs experience and improved results. (p.340)This is a vital consideration to be taken into account by change management leaders as healthcare is growing at an incredible pace the demand and supply ratio needs to be balanced by implem enting innovative change strategies which should be cost effective as well as user friendly. If the clients input is not considered whence the leaders might not be able to have a successful outcome from a change process which they might desire.BACKGROUNDThe slip of change is not new. Poggenpoel (1992) affirms that change may lead to real innovation, providing abundant opportunities for creating a better way forward. This is particularly true in healthcare setting. Todays severalise ground medicine and evidence based nursing practices primarily bring innovation and change in the field of health sciences which ultimately help in improving quality of life whether of patients in specific or society in general. However, the process of leading successful change requires effective confabulation, wide participation, facilitation and manipulating different interests towards the agreed goal (McLaren and Ross, 2000). Successful change cannot be a one man show and needs team effort which c annot occur without effective communication between team members who need to work with mutual understanding towards shared vision.The ambulatory clinics are an integral part of any hospital clinics are the bridge circuit between the hospital and the community, and are utilized as a pre-hospitalization center. Null and Bonser (1997) stressedThe outpatient /ambulatory services can be a vital stage in many patient journeys. It may be a patients only place in the hospital setting where they visit on continuous basis. So far this has been a department staffed by nurses who have no proficiency in any clinical intensity level. Hence, they gain experience in several and expertise in none. (p. 325).The affirmation above was very true for staff nurses working at ambulatory care setting in my organization. Role of Registered Nurses (RNs) at ambulatory clinics had been a real discussion at my organization due to a general perception that there is no active clinical role of registered nurses in clinics thus they are underutilized. In addition due to cost containment projects, highly paying(a) employees efficiency was also closely monitored therefore registered nurses being highly paid among other staff categories were objected for being underutilized at outpatient clinics. Out of 215 staff in ambulatory care setting, 75 (34.8%) are RNs who cover all the specialties. These registered nurses have at rest(p) through general nursing educate in their graduating school of nursing. They develop clinic based competencies during their competency based orientation conducted in the unit within source three months of their job. This on-job training is supervised by Clinical Nurse Instructor (CNI) and Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) of ambulatory care services.Haas (1998) saidAmbulatory care nursing is a unique realm of nursing practice. It is characterized by rapid, focused sound judgments of patients, long-term nurse/patient/family relationships, and teaching and translating prescriptions for care into doable activities for patients and their caregivers. (p. 16).However, at my institution this role was limited to initial assessment and giving some very basic education to patient like on diet and medication. While reflecting the genuine nursing roles and practices at ambulatory care services of our setting in the light of definition by AAACN/ANA, a big room for improvement and innovation was seen to re-conceptualize RNs roles and practices. The existing roles and responsibilities carried out by clinic RNs were much more general than the efficient clinical roles which they should have been playing. It was now the responsibility of nursing management of ambulatory care services to relook at the roles and re-assign tasks so that the true need of registered nurses and their proper utilization could be justified.Literature search on RNs roles in outpatient clinics revealed that internationally there are RN-managed clinics, telephone medicated care by RNs, sp ecialty based nurse educators, practitioner, consultants, and clinical nurse experts such as pre-operative nurse, oncology nurse, wound specialist nurse etc (Hamner, 2005). American honorary society of Ambulatory Care Nursing (AAACN, 1995) categorized roles of ambulatory care nurses as clinical, management, educational, and researcher roles.DISCUSSIONThe goal of the management plan was to address the issue of alter the role of registered nurses at ambulatory care services, to justify their need in outpatient services Lewins three stage model was chosen to introduce the change in RNs role. Lewins model has intuitive appeal and became an enduring influence because it was taken up as one of the foundation stones of the organizational development (OD) movement during the 1960s-1980s (Burnes 2000, Cummings Worley 2001).The cogitate behind choosing Lewins change theory was its easy and simple implementation and efficacy in bringing modification in existing practices by analyzing drivin g forces, restraining forces, and by targeting new innovations and implementation. The literature supports the effective use of said theory in various organizational change management projects (Mrayyan et al, 2007 Huber, 2006 Marquisand Huston, 2005). Fetherston et.al (2009) emphasized the importance of major change and endorsed thatWhere a major change is implemented, models such as Lewins (1951) model of unfreezing, changing and refreezing can be a useful guide (p. 2586).As the alteration of RNs role at ambulatory clinic was a significant major change Lewins model proved to be a useful and effective guide for system modification. The system perspective of the Kurt Lewins theory suggests that the process of change occurs in three stages unfreezing, moving and refreezing. For change to occur, a motivational factor should arise in order to demerit the ice. Baulcomb (2003) states that This theory places emphasis on the driving and resisting forces associated with any change, and to achieve success the importance lies with ensuring that driving forces outweigh resisting forcesThe intention is to reach a state of equilibrium. (p. 277). atomic number 19 (1983) stated within every change situation forces exist either to push the system toward changing (pro-change forces), or push it away from changing (anti-change forces).(p.1623). Pro-change forces act to alter the status quo and are considered important aspects of change motivation. Anti-change forces, on the other hand, work toward maintaining equilibrium and are usually manifested as habits, rituals or policies. Unfreezing occurs when the driving forces (pro-change) become stronger than the restraining forces (anti-change). Stage 1 The unfreezing phase-becoming motivated to changeSchifalacqua and Costello (2009) saidCommunication is vital to any change process. If the change is on the unit level, a question-and-answer format on the impact on patient care and/or the caregivers is very effective. (p.29).The key to this phase was to answer following questionsWhat is the problem which needs to be addresses by the change management project?Who needs to be involved in the change process?What will be the post change benefits to the organization?What would be the in all likelihood cost of the change?Huber (2006) asserted that the first stage is cognitive exposure to the change idea, diagnosis of the problem, and work to generate alternative solutions. (p.811). Discussion with the in send nurse and staff nurses of ambulatory care services was held in which desired change and of role modification was highlighted. Majority was in consensus of the need of this change as they were also dissatisfied due to peoples perception of their role and lack of clinical utilization of them in their workplace. It was also shared that changing the nurses role would be potentially stressful for those taking the new role as well as for those with whom they work. Fetherston et.al (2009) stated thatWhen change is m anaged in systematic steps with adequate evaluation and communication throughout the process, it is more likely to result in successful outcomes. (p. 2582)From a broader perspective there was an impulsion for developing RNs to meet the need of multispecialty tasks at outpatient setting, with a need to demonstrate the effectiveness of any new roles created. This multispecialty tasking required RNs to gain competency in multispecialty.Miller, Flynn, Umadac (1998) saidCompetency is the assessment of the employees ability to perform the skills and tasks of his or her position as defined in his or her job description. A competent staff member has the knowledge, skills, ability, and behaviors to perform required tasks correctly. (p. 10).Hence, in order to value the competence of ambulatory care RNs baseline knowledge and practice assessment was done for 40 RNs to assess their insight related to clinical, professional and system roles in ambulatory work setting (please refer appendix A). Audit results showed only 41% involvement of nurses in clinical related knowledge and patient care tasks. Cork, A (2005) saidWhen examining the introduction of competencies in relation to force-field analysis it can be seen that one of the main drivers would be an improvement in nurses practice and a defined level of achieved competence for individual nurses. In addition, the projected benefit to patient care, through the acquisition and application of knowledge, would be a major driver. (p.40)The audited account proved to be very useful in identifying gaps in the required standards of nursing knowledge and practice of RNs working in the clinic setting. Hence, it ultimately helped in planning and implementing educational strategies to overcome the identified gaps.Stage 2 The moving phase-change- what needs to be changed?Once mutual agreement for a desire for role modification was obtained, ambulatory care nursing conceptual framework by Haas, S.A. (2006) was searched from literature (please refer appendix B). The framework was liked by higher authorities and approve to be incorporated and introduced in the ambulatory care nursing model.Flannigan (1995) states,If you can define an ideal goal in terms of your strategy and leadership, particularly how the culture would be different from the way it is shortly, then you have the basis for changing the culture. (p. 60).In order to gain shared vision for proposed changed culture the model was introduced to all ambulatory services RNs to obtain their feedback and open discussions were held through meetings with nursing management, ambulatory care nurses and medical colleagues. On this occasion, information concerning the change was provided through a discussion and presentation of research findings regarding development of outpatient nurses specialty based practices. Indeed, this increased knowledge about specialty based roles created dissatisfaction with the current system. Tross and Cavanagh (1996) claim that diss atisfaction with the status quo is the most important factor in the initiation of change. However, rather than being an education issue, four nurses argued that it was an experiential issue and subsequently suggested that it may cause the difficulties in implementing specialty based roles. Being mindful of the normative re-educative strategy that was employed in the change process, provision was made to appreciate the resistors feelings. Nevertheless, it was asserted that if nurses did not have the theoretical knowledge, which underpins the specialty skills, they would be unlikely to be competent practically in this area (Reece and Walker, 1997). Accordingly, the resistors argument was diluted by providing them with abundant amounts of evidence to support the introduction of the project. A consensus was then reached and actions were prioritized for the change initiative in specialty based training.Smale (1998) highlights the benefits of actively involving staff that are closest to the problems, by explaining that they are closest to the solution. Consequently, Rigorous training sessions were arranged for nurses for clinical concepts such as triage, health assessments, specialty based diseases and case presentations, specialty based skills assistance, patient and family education and counseling techniques etc. applicability of RN roles taken from the frameworkWithin pre-admission assessment, the aim was to develop the RN role so that s/he could get the patients medical history, and perform pre-consultation assessment accordingly. Nurse-led pre-admission assessment has shown to be effective and safe (Whiteley et al. 1997). The issue of developing advanced assessment skills was resolved through special courses by clinical nurse specialist. There is an evidence to suggest that developing the role of the nurse specialist or practitioner can increase the continuity of care whilst still maintaining clinical standards examples include nurse-led rheumatology follow-up (Hill 1997) and breast care follow-up (Earnshaw 1997). Such a development not only enhanced stability but also free up consultants time within their clinic to see patients with more complex needs and to potentially increase the number of new patients that could be seen.A group of seven senior RNs was formed from different sections of ambulatory care, to be included in a review of ambulatory care related policies, protocols and work instructions.This group was also expert for supervisory skills to cater evening shifts and weekends in absence of head nurses of respective units. This role proved to be productive and satisfactory for nurses as well.Stage3 The refreezing phase-making the change abidingThe introduction of role changes were well appreciated by the consultants, management and RNs. Enhanced patient safety, patients and nurses satisfaction and most of all effective time utilization was evident. To secure these changes, slight modification in RNs job descriptions (JDs) wa s done to introduce these role aspects in their JDs. Furthermore, their schedules and assignments were fixed for three months period and then rotations were pre-planned.In this instance, Lewins (1951) force-field analysis also served as an assessment of the driving and restraining forces that impacted on the implementation of this change process. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction (Kritsonis, 2004). These were RNs motivation and enthusiasm, pressure from higher management and doctors acceptance, patients safety and satisfaction.There was little resistance to change in first three months of the project. Those whoclosely working with RNs in out-patient setting were confirmatory of the project and worked with the team for achievement of goals. In fact, the slower than anticipated development meant that key stakeholders such as consultants did not feel threatened by the pace of the change.EvaluationThe outcome of the strategies through implementation of conceptual framework as a change agent was assessed through measurement audits. Audit of the nurses practices was carried out concurrently, while the patients experiences were being surveyed. The literature contends that change is not consolidated without continuous monitoring and observation (Smale, 1998). Furthermore, Dale (1994) asserts that internal auditing, scrutiny of records and objective observation help discover what is currently taking place. An audit tool was developed with 19 criteria, 80% nurses were evaluated on conceptual framework through this audit tool, 74.2% compliance was observed for knowledge and new role implementation.50% of ambulatory nurses were trained for health assessment, performing health assessment of patients with clinical emergencies as a daily clinical task.100% patients with clinical emergencies were identified by RNs of assigned clinics and received timely interventions and transfer to appropriate care facilities. 80% patients received education on disease, treatment plan and modus vivendi modification from nurse educators in specialty based clinics.Other gains were safe and complex patient care delivery, evident by no clinical errors and incidences in that period. Increased patient satisfaction indicated by no clinical complaints reported by patients. Consequently nurses satisfaction was largely enhanced, assessed by subjective verbalization of nurses in open forums and meetings. Formal surveys for nurses and patient satisfaction need to be conducted to evaluate objectivity of these outcomes.CONCLUSIONThe change process was greatly enhanced by the application of a logical process through the identification of a problem, development of an implementation plan and clear monitoring and evaluation at all stages. Furthermore, the extract of an appropriate change model aided this process, something clearly demonstrated in this project with use of Lewins (1951) theory of transitional change. It also discovered some very hopeful aspects with regard to professional development and team working. However, it was also experienced that change is not easy, sometimes filled with unwary troubles and sometimes intimidating.3,304

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essay

An Example Of Transition Economy Economics Essaywell-nigh 1.21 billion people currently living in India, which is about 17.4% of the globular population or one, can say 2.4 per cent of world gain national product in US dollar terms and 5.5 % in PPP terms.The universal wellbeing too is linked to progress in India as reflected in the eager global interest in India. But, India seems to instigate and disappoint at the same time.Where some countries raced ahead in the development process, India lagged behind. It took 40 long years for Indias real per capita gross domestic product to paradigm from 1950-1951 to 1990-91. But, for India 1991-92 was a significant moment in modern economic history because of a severe balance of payments catastrophe prompted far accomplishment economic reforms, unlocking its addition potential, and the result was that in only 15 years, Indias per capita in hap doubled again by 2006-07. If India will maintain its current egress rate then, Indias per capita income could definitely double by 2017-18 in next some years.The key policy reforms since 1991-92, reviewing the economic progress made so farPolicy Reforms before 1991Macroeconomic crisis of 1991 patent a turning point in Indias economic history for two reasons.First, fiscal arrears driven external payment mishap with a dip in unconnected turn reserves to below US$ 1 billion in 1991.Second, concurrently efforts were made towards wide ranging structural reforms surrounding areas of trade, management of exchange evaluate and industry, general finance as well as financial sector.The main objective was to create a competitive environment to improve produce and efficiency. New industrial policy fostered competition byAbolishing monopoly restrictionsTerminating the phased manufacturing programmers100% foreign direct investmentImport of foreign technologyDe-reservation of sectors till then reticent for the public sector.Only five industries are under licensing presently, mainly on account of environmental, health, safety and strategic consideration and two industries are reserved for the public sector and those industries areATOMIC ENERGYRAILWAY TRANSPORTReservation of industrial products for the small scale sector is still an enduring issue. FDI i.e. Foreign figure Investment up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in most sectors, but with a few exceptions.The home sector is being in the hands of private sector. Because of the large requirements of funds for infrastructure, 100% FDI has been allowed in all infrastructure sectors. There are unmitigated tax holidays to encourage the business of development, operation, and tutelage of infrastructure facilities.The monetary policy framework and its operating procedures in India have evolved over time with the changes in the macroeconomic structure and financial markets development. by and by the deregulating of the financial sector, the perceptual constancy of money demand became deduce. Because o f that, Reserve Banks switched from monetary targeting framework, to a multiple indicator approach. In this approach, many indicators available on a exalted frequency basis. The various indicators areRates of return in different marketsMovements in currency, credit, fiscal position, inflation rate, exchange rate etcRefinancing and transactions in foreign exchangeThe objective for the financial sector was to provide operational litheness and functional self-sufficiency to all the financial institutions so that they could allocate resources much efficiently. nearly of the important initiatives in the financial sector wereReduction in statutory preemptions so as to release greater fundsInterest rate deregulation to enable price discoveryAllowing new private sector banks to create a more competitive environmentThe trade policy reforms comprisedwithdrawal of the three-figure restrictions on exports and importsphasing out of the system of import licensingLowering the level of nominal tariffs and its dispersion as well.India embarked on a well sequenced opening up of the swell account. Its framework was based on a preference for non-debt creating capital inflows like foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment.Economic Progress after 1991After 1990, India saw gradually breaking free of the low growth trap which was known as the Hindu growth rate of 3.5% p.a. Real GDP growth was emergenced from 5.7% p.a. to 7.3% p.a. in 1990 to 2000s. The main reason of this growth acceleration was that the growth rate of industry and services incrementd. Till the end of 1990, the green revolution had died down.The growth patterns altered the structure of the Indian economy with a decline in the share of agriculture from 28.4% to about 15 per cent in 2009-11. There was an increase in services, including construction, from 52% to 65%. The share of industry has remained unchanged at around 20 per cent of GDP.Real economyItems199-20002001-20102004-2008Share in GDPAg riculture28.4%19.4%18.9%Industry20.1%20.0%20.1%Services51.5%60.6%61.1%The growth acceleration was accompanied by a astute lift up in the rate of growth of gross fixed capital formation which had more than doubled from an annual average of 7.2 per cent in the 1990s to 15.7%.The structure of Indian economy also underwent a change. Exports and imports of goods and services have more than doubled from 23% of GDP to 50 per cent in 2011.The high growth was achieved in an environment of price stability as headline wholesale price index inflation dropped to an annual average of 5.5% in the 2000s from 8.1 per cent in the 1990s. Subsequently, in the post-crisis period the inflation swerve has reversed with the headline WPI inflation averaging over 7% and the consumer price inflation crossing double digits during 2009-11.The uptick in food price inflation was particularly sharp during 2009-11.InflationItem1991-20002001- 20102004-20082009-2011(Annual Average Percentage change)Wholesale Price Index8.15.45.57.1Food Articles10.25.85.213.3Fuel Group10.68.97.37.2Non-Food Manufactured Products6.84.05.04.0CPI- Industrial Workers9.55.95.010.6CPI- Industrial Workers Food9.86.25.512.5No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come.India has launched wide ranging structural reforms and has made noteworthy economic progress over the historical two decades. Some of them areIndias industrial environment has become more competitive and openInfrastructural gaps have been sought to be bridged through public-private initiatives with both domestic and foreign sources of fundingCurrent account has become fully convertible while capital account which is virtually free for non-resident.As interest rates deregulated, banks gained operational autonomy for commercial lending. If India could maintain the current pace of growth it will elevate millions out of poverty and augment the global economy. While India has come a long way, maintaining the current pace would itself be challenging a nd require continued reform efforts.India will continue to face stagflation-type situation for some more time. The main reason for this arethe governments loose fiscal policy and persistent strong rise in real rural wage growth without an increase in productivity growthStagflation means when economic growth of a country stagnates while inflation is rising. RBI lowered the economic growth undertaking for the current fiscal to 6.5 percent from its earlier estimate of 7.3 percent, stating rising government expenditure poses risks to economic stability.Its inflation forecast for the fiscal ending March, 2013 has also been raise to 7 percent from earlier projection of 6.5 percent. According to reports, monetary policy has a limited role in this stagflation-type environment. Moreover, the inflation outlook remains challenging. Indeed, prone the lamentable progress of the monsoon, in reality food and overall inflation will likely accelerate in the coming months.Measures to control Indi an stagflationIndia may have progressed on paper and on screen but do we see the progress on the streets of India?There are millions of people still hold up in India on an income of less than one dollar a day. India can never be considered a developed country unless and until the poverty, hunger and pain of the poor on the streets and those living in the slums is curbed.Lately the government of India has come up with several developmental plans and no doubt it has helped boost the economy of the Country in some ways. But the long term impact of these plans do not seem to serve the purpose, or what should be the purpose of any government, that is, prosperity of the vernacular man. Investment is pouring in from within the Country and abroad, but the poor man is getting poorer.In order to be considered a developed Country, India call for to focus on the common man.It is not only the Governments role to make India a developed nation. People of the country should also take responsibi lity.Improve infrastructureLiberalize financial marketsIncrease agricultural productivityIncrease quality and quantity of universitiesMore importance to rural householdProper health facilities in rural and urban areasRaise educational executionCitizens must do charity with enough disposable incomeJob creationRaise educational achievementIntroduce a credible fiscal policyImprove governance

Measurement Of Advertising Effectiveness Across Different Media Media Essay

Measurement Of publicise Effectiveness Across Different Media Media EssayPurpose The purpose of this sketch is to tick advertisement stiffness of four media. These media include both conventional media like telecasting set, radiocommunication and yarn-dye and a new medium like the profits.Design/ methodology/ Approach An online questionnaire was floated asking the respondents to evaluate the four media on ogdoad opposite parameters namely, informativeness, senses, attitude, execution, attention, entertainment, irritation and deceptiveness. The results were analysed by comparison of the means using the One Way analysis of variance and Tukey b canvas, was applied to see the remainder between the powerfulness of different media on the basis of the eight parameters listed above. This was followed by Terpstra Jonckheere Test to confirm our order of alternatives.Findings The drive determined that different media have signifi throw outt differences in their effectiven ess when evaluated on the above mentioned eight parameters. According to the news report, the consumers perceive television as the nearly effective advertising medium followed by grade, network and radio.Research Limitations/ implications Only four media were makeed for the study and it measured the effectiveness of different kinds of advertisements in general. Also, the respondents belonged to the identical age group. forthcoming search can be done with more media and can be extended for a particular merchandise and for a particular brand.Practical Implications The study can be utilize to determine the to the highest degree effective media for advertising a particular harvest-home. Also the advertising requirements differ with the life cycle of the yield. The same can be evaluated with the help of this study.Originality/ Value There have been past studies to evaluate the advertising effectiveness of different media but none of them has been particular to Indian cont ext.Key Words advertising effectiveness, comparison between different advertising media, traditional media compargond to webPaper Type Survey based research publisherINTRODUCTIONMedia, from long, has been used by advertizers to build brands be it television, radio, print, mesh or outdoor advertising. With increasing competition and the rat race between the various sellers, it has increasingly become key for the advertisers to differentiate themselves from others, and the efficient advertising mix has a very important mapping to play in the effectiveness of this differentiating behaviour.Often marketers exhibit themselves with the problem of deciding on how much to spend on advertising on the various types of media. This decision rests on the measure of effectiveness of each of these forms, which is a good deal a tough task. For the same product, the effect of a particular media may be far different from the others. Also, the effects of these media may vary largely crosswise the various product categories as well. Hence to reach to the optimum advertising mix its necessary for the marketers to evaluate the sensed value of each of these media on its consumers.How do viewers perceive the TV over other types of media? Is the modern media like lucre more effective comp atomic number 18d to the traditional media like TV and print? To closure these questions, the study focuses on the view, opinions and perceptions of quite a little who are exposed to the various media. Here, in this paper, we indicate to measure the perceived value of the various forms of media in the mind of consumers, and measure this to reach to an advertising value for each of the media crossways a particular product category. This perception of viewers has a large role to play on the advertisers selection of various media for advertising, and each(prenominal)ocation of the advertising budget to these media.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY publicizing on the four media which are taken into c onsideration for the purpose of this study namely, television, radio, print and net income have their own advantages and disadvantages. While television, radio and print are the traditional methods of advertising and have a long history fuck them, net profit has emerged as an advertising medium in the near past. Over the years, internet has emerged as a competitor to the traditional media and has created a niche for itself. It is in time not clear from the previous studies that consumers who watch whole four kinds of advertisements consider all of them equally effective or not. Also, there is a dearth of research when it comes to measuring the advertising effectiveness of the four media vis-a-vis each other in the Indian context. This study aims to fill this gap that exists.ADVERTISING ON diametrical MEDIAAdvertising on video recordingTelevision advertising started in United States in the year 1941. Television advertising started in India in the eighties and from indeed ther e is no looking back for this medium of advertising. Television is a commonly used medium for advertising campaigns overdue to its popularity and the capability to reach sense of hearings of all ages (Edell Keller, 1989). According to the New York Times, television is to stay in India. It has seen a phenomenal growth in the past and will continue to grow. There are been a 20 percent increase in the number of homes with televisions. It has increased from 88 million in 2000 to 105 million in the year 2009. There has been a 21 percent increase in the advertising spending on Indian television from the year 1995 to 2005. Spending on television advertising reached $1.6 one million million million in the year 2005.Television has several advantages over other medium. The reach of television is much wider than that of other advertising media like print and it does so in a shorter duration of time. Also, television has multiple communication appeal as it uses both hearing and vision. By a ppealing to both senses a TV advertiser can use these to reinforce each other.Television as an advertising medium has its own set of disadvantages. The comprise of advertising is much postgraduateer for television as compared to other forms of media considered here. Also, if the advertisement is not intrusive enough it may fail to capture the attention of the audience. In addition to this the number of advertisements which fight for the coveted time slots on television may add to the clutter and may not help in reinforcing the belief of the customer.Advertising on wirelessAdvertising on radio started in the early 1920s, when the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. These days radio is no longer considered to be an attractive means of advertising. Radio, an old- fashioned medium existing in the shadow of high tech boom of internet advertising and cable TV, is not consi dered lucrative anymore (Joachim Jean C., 1999). though radio ads have decreased in popularity but salvage it is widely used as an advertising medium because of the benefits it provides.The key advantage of radio advertising is its cost effectiveness as compared to other media like television. The advantages of radio advertising are low production costs and selectivity in reaching segments of audiences homogeneous in demographics or lifestyles (McDonald, 1998 Roberts Berger, 1989). Also, radio has a wider reach in terms of the number of audience covered vis a vis television or internet.Radio advertisement has the disadvantage of universe ephemeral, since the consumer can only hear the ad, it becomes very necessary to have an ad which is highly attention grabbing. Also, due to smaller coveted slots, cluttering of ads may happen. Apart from this, the decrease in the popularity of the medium has made radio advertising less seek after.mark advertising is one of the oldest modes of advertising. With the advent of radio, television and internet, print advertising has lost its lustre. Due to the advantage that print medium has on the cost front, it is still the most sought after advertising medium for small, local businesses.Print medium has a very wide reach and it proves to be very cost effective. The advertisement can reach different segments in a wide geographic region. The people can refer to the ads multiple times and therefore it has the in demand(p) permanence.The biggest limitation of print is that the ad has to compete for the attention of the reader. In the limited space that the medium provides, the ads may just get lost in the clutter. In addition to this, more and more people are now switching to online versions of cartridge holders and newspapers. So the traditional print medium is losing its charm.Advertising on the meshAdvertising on the internet started in the year 1994 when Wired magazine came up with its commercial web magazine which was t he first of its kind. With this online magazine started the era of of advertising on the Internet. Since then, advertising on the Internet has increased rapidly, mainly due to an astronomical growth in net affair. But with this increase in the web traffic clutter over the internet has increased manifolds.The internet has many advantages over the traditional forms of media, the most prominent of them world the cost. The cost incurred is a fraction of the cost which will be paid for a similar ad on television. Another advantage of Internet advertising is that it provides a medium to buy the product as well. No other media offers this flexibility.As with other advertising media clutter is an issue, as competition for Web users becomes more intense. Also, the frequency of pop up ads can cause irritation in the consumer. Apart from this the rate of usage of internet is really an issue especially in developing countries like India and this makes internet advertising less popular.LITER ATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESISAdvertising Effectiveness as defined by Ducoffe is a subjective evaluation of the relative worth or utility of advertising to consumers. Ducoffe, in his study, suggested media mix has an important role to play in advertising effectiveness. In his research, the respondents were asked to rank different media in terms of their role in advertising. Consumers ranked television the top labelling it the most valuable source, followed by print media, direct mail and radio web was placed at bottom.As per previous studies, consumers consider newspapers to be most effective in informativeness, reliableness and credibleness whereas television and radio rate lower on these attributes.Comparision of Traditional Media with WebWith internet emerging as an effective media of advertising, a synergy in advertising through various media forms can be achieved by integrating internet with other media to achieve companys objectives. Leong et al 1998, in his study, suggested tha t though internet is different from other media, it can be used to complement other media.Many researchers Negroponte-1995 are of the view that TV viewing would become obsolete in certain time with computer activities replacing it in a large way. But at the same time, there are many that do not support the replacement view Coffey and Stripp-1997. They do agree with TV popularity decreasing to some bound but expect it to still remain a popular activity.As per Kanso and Nelson 2004, various media can be integrated to serve the purpose, thereby enticing customers to the product/ brand. A similar study by Chang and Thorson 2004 show the combined effect of advertising on various media viz. traditional and web is far topnotch compared to repeated advertising on individual mediums.As per the survey carried out till date, there does not seem any paper which provides a get along comprehensive comparative analysis of different forms of media.Gap in extant literatureThe study by Ducoffe pre sents the results of a survey focussing on the perceived value of web advertising vis--vis other media. To understand what makes advertising effective, Ducoffe identified the dimensions of advertising which include informativeness, irritation, deceptiveness and entertainment. But this study was limited to comparing traditional media and web advertising and also excluded parameters like degree of information dissemination and emotional effects.Though Leong et al did provide few parameters like attention, emotions, precipitate action and attitude to find out the advertising value of a particular media, but the study was limited to comparing the internet advertising to traditional media.Also, most of the researches carried out so far miss on the point that the respondents chosen should be exposed to these various media so that their responses reflect the true effectiveness of media. We intend to choose those exposed to all the various media forms as our respondent base.This effectivene ss varies crossways the various product categories, their phase in the product life cycle, the demographics of the stain group, and hence cannot be generalized. Hence, we intend to carry this research so as to keep these extraneous variables constant and can later be easily replicated crossways all the categories.THEORETICAL BASES DERIVATION OF FOR THE HYPOTHESISFigure 1 Application ModelThe hypothesis has been derived separately for each of the eight parameters, discussed above, and is described below stating all bases for the derivation of each.InformativenessAccording to the information gathered about informativeness of the various media, internet ads are the most informative, followed by print, television and radio.Leong, 1998 This fact seems to be correct as the information available about a product/service is very expansive on the internet, due to links provided that help the user gain sodding(a) information. This is closely followed by print ads that contain extensive inf ormation printed about the product, due to the availability of space. Television and radio provide lesser information, due to the overpriced per second rates. Television is more informative than radio due to the visual aid available.Hypothesis 1The direct of informativeness of advertisements varies importantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads being the most informative, followed by print media, television and radio in this order.AttentionThis section shows how engaging and interactive the media is. Again, television and radio score high on this factor, due to their audio-visual and audio aid respectively. This is followed by print and internet. Print, due to its direct impact in a newspaper or a magazine ranks next in this regard followed by internet ads which might not be that engaging for the user.Hypothesis 2The level of attention of advertisements varies meaningfully across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most attention seeking, r adio, print media, and internet in this order.EmotionsAccording to Nielson, the internet is a more rational medium, while the television is an emotional medium. Thus, television rates high on the emotional factor, followed by radio and print, with internet being the least emotional, due to least interactiveness of the medium and it being the most informative.Hypothesis 3The level of emotions of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most emotional, followed by radio, print media and internet in this order.precipitate ActionPersuasion is an action that drives a user towards purchasing the product. Internet purchasing is the most popular and is significantly higher than telemarketing. Internet is followed by print in precipitating action. Print media seems to influence people towards buying a product due to the informative nature of the medium. Radio is the least persuasive in this regard as radio just provides a recall for the product.Hypothesis 4The level of precipitating action of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads having the most precipitating action, followed by print media, television and radio in this order.AttitudeAttitude defines the degree to which advertisements are able to change the beliefs/attitudes of people towards the product or the brand. This would affect the final buying decision of the product or service. The order for this factor ranges from television, print, internet and radio from most effective to least effective in changing attitude.Hypothesis 5The level of attitude of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most attitudes changing, followed by print media, internet and radio in this order.EntertainmentAccording to the information gathered about entertainment, television ads come out to be the most effective, followed by radio, print and internet. Larkin Televis ion tops the list due to the audio visual effects present. This is followed by radio. The print media shows the entertainment factor through its creative designs and catchy print messages. The internet is considered to be a rational medium providing clear information without the frills.Hypothesis 6The level of entertainment of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most entertaining, followed by radio, print and internet in this order.IrritationAdvertising effectiveness depends on the users receptiveness towards an ad, and on their attitude towards advertising. Non relevant ads on TV, in newspapers and on the radio are perceived as inevitable by consumers on the Internet, they are considered to be a nuisance. Television and radio ads are considered exasperating due to the disturbance they cause during normal TV or radio screening. Print media ads are considered least irritating as they do not prevent normal operation of a newspaper or a magazine.Hypothesis 7The level of irritation of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads being the most irritating, followed by television, radio and print media in this order. deceptivenessAnother important factor to calculate effectiveness of a medium is to measure the credibility of the medium. According to our research about the subject Larkin, television ads seem to be to the most deceiving because of the lower airing time, thus the effect could be deceptive and important facts about the product are left out. This is followed by radio and print, with internet being the least deceptive due to the depth of information present on the internet.Hypothesis 8The level of deceptiveness of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most deceiving, followed by radio, print media, and internet in this order. general PerceptionThe overall perception of advertising med ia effectiveness has been taken to get an overall picture of the effectiveness.Hypothesis 9On general/overall perception of the customer, television is the most effective, followed by print media, radio and internet in this order.METHODOLOGY subdue DevelopmentThe scale items were adopted from Ducoffe 1996 and Leong et al 1998. A fall of 17 statements were used for the proposed scale. A 5-interval scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree was used to measure the response to each item. The respondents were given special instructions to not get biased towards a particular advertisement, brand or a product, rather evaluate each media as a whole.The internal reliability score was measured using Cronbachs alpha. The coefficient alpha reliability indicates that the items in each scale are significantly high above 0.7, except for deceptiveness and Irritation. Though the value of alpha is not significantly low, this lower value is approximately equal to 0.6 which is close to the acceptable value.The instrument thus used was a 17-item scale, with eight underlying factors viz. informativeness, attention, emotion, precipitating action, attitude, entertainment, irritation and deceptiveness. The results were analysed by comparison of the means using the One Way Anova and Tukey b Test, was applied to see the difference between the effectiveness of different media on the basis of the eight parameters listed above. This was followed by Terpstra Jonckheere Test to confirm our order of alternatives.The scale items are listed below- tabulate 1 Scale ItemsRespondentsOur survey was taken by 106 respondents in the age group of 18-30 years. Considering the kind of research we were conducting, only those people who had been exposed to all the four media viz. TV, Radio, Print and Internet were chosen to take our survey. Respondents were also asked to rank various media in terms of effectiveness with 1 assigned to the most effective medium and 4 to the least.RESULTSResu lt 1 InformativenessThe level of informativeness varies significantly across different media, with respondents rating radio as the least informative. Though respondents consider internet most informative, followed by print and television, the tests weaken that the difference between this three different media is not significant enough to be considered. This is consistent with our hypothesis.Result 2 AttentionThe level of attention varies significantly across various media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of attention. Though respondents consider television the most attention catching, followed by print and internet, the tests reveal that the difference is not significant in the case of internet and print media, thus might not be considered. This result is more or less different than our hypothesis, according to which internet had the least level of attention. The reason for such a difference could be the difference in times from when the article was pen and w hen the survey was taken.Table 2 Reactions to Advertising on Various Media Measurement ModelMeansScaleRelia-bilitySigni-ficanceLevelTVRadioPrintInternetInformativeness3.5123.0313.7423.7460.6980.000Ads provide relevant product information.3.7173.1604.1233.840Ads are sources of up-to-date product info.4.0383.4253.9344.105Ads supply complete product information.2.7832.5093.1703.330Attention4.3442.9863.6423.5240.7680.000Ads are attractive/eye-catching.4.4342.6983.7453.651Ads are effective in producing engaging messages4.2553.2743.5383.396Emotions3.7782.8352.9012.6510.5430.000Ads give details about the product, but do not stimulate emotions* (Negative Question)2.2643.0473.1893.359I am touched by ads.3.8212.7172.9912.660Precipitating Action3.9532.6983.7553.2550.7370.000I have thought of buying an advertised product after watching the ad.3.9532.6983.7553.255Attitude4.1183.3403.7173.4810.7370.000Ads help people change their attitude towards the brand/company.4.1703.3493.8213.547Ads help p eople change their beliefs related to the product.4.0663.3303.6133.415Entertainment4.3353.1513.3403.2880.7620.000Ads are enjoyable4.2453.2553.3303.179Ads are exciting4.4253.0473.3493.396Irritation2.8712.9882.5223.0060.5730.000Ads insult peoples intelligence2.7552.6232.4722.566Ads are annoying3.0763.5282.5853.585Ads are confusing2.7832.8112.5092.868Deceptiveness3.6983.5903.3493.5900.5610.010Ads lie3.6603.4063.3303.613Important facts about the products are left out of the ads3.7363.7743.3683.566Mean responses to the item, n=106 (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree)* Significant at 5% level of significance** Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Test was usedTable 3 Terpstra Jonckheere Test for ordered Alternatives HYPOTHESIS TESTINGPARAMETERSHYPOTHESISRank of different Mediafrom highest to lowestT-J Statistic*Sig.1InformativenessInternet Print TV Radio7.2690.0002EntertainmentTV Radio Print Internet7.2540.0003IrritationInternet TV Radio Print4.0430.0004DeceptivenessTV Radio Print Interne t1.7680.0775AttentionTV Radio Print Internet4.4950.0006EmotionsTV Radio Print Internet8.3400.0007Precipitating ActionInternet Print TV Radio3.1610.0028AttitudeTV Print Internet Radio7.5360.000FINDINGS TESTINGPARAMETERSFINDINGSRank of different Mediafrom highest to lowestT-J Statistic*Sig.1InformativenessInternet Print TV Radio7.2690.0002EntertainmentTV Print Internet Radio8.9630.0003IrritationInternet Radio TV Print4.8890.0004DeceptivenessTV Internet Radio Print3.0490.0005AttentionTV Print Internet Radio10.3860.0006EmotionsTV Print Radio Internet8.5950.0007Precipitating ActionTV Print Internet Radio9.6970.0008AttitudeTV Print Internet Radio7.5360.000* Significant at 5% level of significanceAfter having performed Tukey-Bs test to check which particular medium differs significantly from others, Terpstra Jonckheere Test for ordered Alternatives was performed tovalidate the prescribed order of mediums as suggested by the hypothesis and key findings.These results were in conformance wi th those obtained by the Tukey B test.Result 3 EmotionsThe level of emotion varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating television to have the greatest level of emotion. This was followed by radio and print in the same order, although the tests revealed that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. Internet was considered to have the least emotion. Our hypothesis is quite similar to the result, with only difference between radio and print. This could be due to the latest trend of social messages in print advertisements.Result 4 Precipitating ActionThe level of precipitating action varies significantly across the different media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of precipitating action followed by internet. Though respondents consider television to have the most precipitating action, followed by print media, the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. This result is significantly different than our hypothesis according to which internet has the most precipitating action, followed by print, television and radio. This could be due to the increasing popularity of telemarketing in the current times.Result 5 AttitudeThe level of attitude varies significantly across the different media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of attitude and television to have the most. Though respondents consider internet and print to follow television, the tests reveal that this difference between internet and print is not significant enough to be considered. This is similar to our hypothesis.Result 6 EntertainmentThe level of entertainment varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating television as the most entertaining. This was followed by internet and print, although the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. Radio was found to be least entertaining The only difference in the result from the hypo thesis is the position of radio which according to the hypothesis is the second most entertaining after television. This change could be attributed again to the changing times, where radio advertising has taken a back seat in comparison to the print and internet media.Result 7 IrritationThe level of irritation varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating print as the least irritating. Though respondents consider internet most irritating, followed by radio and television, the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. The hypothesis also yields the same result.Results 8 DeceptivenessThe level of deceptiveness varies significantly across various media, with respondents rating print as the least deceptive, but the tests reveal that the difference in print, internet and radio are not significant enough to be considered. Though respondents consider television most deceptive, followed by internet and radio, the tests reveal th at this difference is not significant enough to be considered. The hypothesis is same for the most deceptive media, but according to the hypothesis, internet is least deceptive.Result 9 Overall PerceptionTable 4 Mean rankings of various mediaMediaMean RankingsTelevision1.3208Print2.4906Internet2.8113Radio

Imperialism :: essays research papers

Examine the Causes of European Imperialism After 1870European control and power over other nations was not a in the buff ideal prior to 1870 in fact the process was in place as early as the 14th century. Disease and geography are lonesome(prenominal) two of the factors that prevented European colonisation until the 19th century. Many factors led to the massive rise in imperialism after 1870, both internal and external. European imperialism stems from the capitalistic avarice for cheap raw materials, gainous markets, and good investments. These ideas motivated the search for new markets because Imperialists would rather invest in new markets rather than raise wages of domesticated workers. Not only was the cheap production of goods a motivating factor, but the quest for markets to sell manufactured goods contributed as well.Going along with this greed was the wad to expand authority by land acquisition or economic and political control over other nations. The quest for economic domination and advantageEuropeans often denied the capitalistic greed as a factor in the cause of imperialism and had other flairs of defining the motivation. Many stated that Imperialism was the natural number of the idea of survival of the fittest. This is best represented by Rudyard Kipling in the book White Mans Burden, which describes the notion that European Imperialism was simply the natural way that stronger nations gained power and those unable to keep up would be taken over. The Industrial Revolution also played a huge role in European imperialism. European nations had ease dominating non-Europeans due, in part, to the power retained from industrialisation. The Industrial Revolution provided tools such as guns, railway systems, steamships, and others, making it easier to overcome nations with less technology.

Madness in King Lear: Act 4 Essay -- essays research papers

Madness in King Lear Act 4 In Shakespe atomic number 18s play KingLear, Shakespeare introduces many themes. The most meaning(a) theme shown in King Lear is the theme ofmadness. During the course of this play madness is shown inthe tragic hero, King Lear. King Lear develops madnessright in the startle of the play but he actually shows it inAct 4. In this act, King Lear is not only at the peak ofmadness but it is in any case shown him coming egress of his madnessas well. This act is likely to be the most important actbecause it shows the phases King Lear goes through, fromcomplete madness to him coming out of his madness andrealizing his mistake, the point of tragic vision. The theme ofmadness in King Lear is first shown in the act throughCordelias statement to the guards about the condition her have is in. Cordelia says "Alack, tis he Why, he was meteven now as mad as the vexed sea, singing aloud, crownedwith rank fumiter and furrow-weeds, with hardocks,hemlock, nettles, cucko o-flowers, darnel, and all the idleweeds that conjure in our sustaining corn." Act iv, iv, 1-6.This gives a great description of King Lears state of mind.Cordelia gives a description of King Lear dressed inflowers, and weeds, and she explains to the guards that he issinging aloud. All of these characteristics are unfit for a king,thus, leaving one reasonable explanation of him being mad,which Cordelia states in her speech to the guards. KingLears madness is further illustrated in act 4,...